- COVID-19 Infection-related Headache: A Narrative Review
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Yoonkyung Chang, Tae-Jin Song
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Headache Pain Res. 2024;25(1):24-33. Published online April 2, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2024.0008
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 Abstract
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- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which caused a global pandemic and then became an endemic condition. COVID-19 infection may be associated with clinical manifestations such as respiratory symptoms and systemic diseases, including neurological disorders, notably headaches. Headaches are a common neurological symptom in individuals infected with COVID-19. Furthermore, with the transition to endemicity, COVID-19 infection-related headaches may reportedly persist in the acute phase of COVID-19 infection and in the long term after COVID-19 infection resolves. Persistent headaches after COVID-19 infection can be a significant concern for patients, potentially leading to disability. The present review discusses the clinical characteristics and potential underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 infection-related headaches.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - Unclosing Clinical Criteria and the Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Persistent Post-COVID-19 Headaches: A Pilot Case-Control Study from Egypt
Ahmed Abualhasan, Shereen Fathi, Hala Gabr, Abeer Mahmoud, Diana Khedr
Clinical and Translational Neuroscience.2025; 9(1): 5. CrossRef - Exploring Secondary Headaches: Insights from Glaucoma and COVID-19 Infection
Soo-Kyoung Kim
Headache and Pain Research.2025; 26(1): 3. CrossRef - Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibody Treatment in Nine Cases of Persistent Headache Following COVID-19-Infection
Soyoun Choi, Yooha Hong, Mi-Kyoung Kang, Tae-Jin Song, Soo-Jin Cho
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
- A Case of Refractory Headache Improved by Proper Anticoagulation Therapy in Suspected Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Patient with Cerebral Infarction
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Gyeong Seon Choi, Yoonkyung Chang, Minjung Youn, A-reum Jung, Tae-Kyung Kim, Ji-Hyun Choi, Soo Mee Lim, Yong-Jae Kim, Tae-Jin Song
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Published online December 31, 2015
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- 항인지질항체증후군 의심 하에 적절한 항응고요법 후 난치성 두통이 호전된 뇌경색 환자
- Treatment of Cluster Headache
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Yoonkyung Chang, Yong-Jae Kim, Tae-Jin Song
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Published online December 31, 2015
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- 군발두통의 효과적인 치료
- Validity of Migraine Diagnoses in Korean National Health Insurance Claims Data
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Yoonkyung Chang, Soyoun Choi, Byung-Su Kim, Tae-Jin Song
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Received March 3, 2025 Accepted May 19, 2025 Published online June 19, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2025.0004
[Epub ahead of print]
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 Supplementary Material
- Purpose: Accurate case identification using administrative datasets relies on diagnostic coding, yet these codes’ accuracy for migraine remains uncertain. This study aimed to validate the diagnostic accuracy of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (International Classification of Diseases, ICD-10) codes for migraine, migraine without aura (MOA), and migraine with aura (MA) in the Korean National Health Insurance Service database.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 500 patients (migraine [G43.X], 200; MOA [G43.0], 200; MA [G43.1], 100) from secondary and tertiary hospitals between January 2019 and December 2024. Diagnoses confirmed by headache specialists using the International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition served as the gold standard. Validation metrics included the positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, sensitivity, specificity, and the kappa statistic. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed based on ICD-10 claim frequency and improved by combining diagnostic codes with prescriptions for migraine medications.
Results
A single ICD-10 claim had a PPV of 74.00%. Accuracy improved significantly with increased claim frequency (≥3 claims: PPV, 81.14%; sensitivity, 98.61%; specificity, 28.26%), particularly when combined with medication prescriptions (≥3 claims with medication: PPV, 94.96%; sensitivity, 91.87%; specificity, 85.37%). MOA (≥3 claims with medication: PPV, 95.20%) and MA (≥3 claims with medication: PPV, 93.65%) showed similar trends. Excellent inter-rater reliability was observed (kappa, 0.806–0.951), with no significant accuracy differences between hospitals.
Conclusion
Employing multiple claims and prescriptions improved the accuracy of migraine diagnoses using ICD-10 codes, supporting the use of this method in epidemiological studies and health policy decisions.
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