Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Headache and Pain Research : Headache and Pain Research

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search
Advanced Search
mobile menu button

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Headache Pain Res > Volume 27(3); 2026 > Article
Original Article
 Association between Psoriasis and Migraine in a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Korea
Woo-Seok Ha1orcid, Soohyun Cho2orcid
Headache and Pain Research 2026;27(3):204-210.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2026.0031
Published online: October 30, 2026

1Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

2Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea

Correspondence: Soohyun Cho, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, 712 Dongil-ro, Uijeongbu 11759, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-31-951-1000, Fax: +82-31-951-2010, E-mail: anttop@naver.com
• Received: July 6, 2026   • Revised: July 27, 2026   • Accepted: July 27, 2026

© 2026 The Korean Headache Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 263 Views
  • 2 Download
prev next
Full Article

Download PDF Download PDF

  • Purpose
    Psoriasis and migraine are common chronic disorders that may share neuroimmune mechanisms, although the biological basis of their association remains uncertain. This study investigated the association between psoriasis and migraine, focusing on psoriasis severity and migraine subtypes, using a large population-based database.
  • Methods
    This population-based cross-sectional study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. We identified 329,363 adults who underwent national health screening in 2019, including 8,892 patients with psoriasis and 320,471 individuals without psoriasis. Psoriasis severity was classified according to the use of systemic or biologic agents, and migraine was categorized according to the presence of aura. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed with adjustment for age, sex, comorbidities, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, income, and residential area.
  • Results
    In the fully adjusted model, patients with psoriasis had higher odds of prevalent migraine than individuals without psoriasis (odds ratio [OR], 1.172; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.102–1.246). This association was observed in both mild psoriasis (OR, 1.167) and moderate-to-severe psoriasis (OR, 1.190). Psoriasis was also significantly associated with non-aura-coded migraine (OR, 1.171; 95% CI, 1.100–1.246), whereas migraine with aura was not significantly associated with psoriasis.
  • Conclusion
    Psoriasis was cross-sectionally associated with higher odds of prevalent migraine, including non-aura-coded migraine, after adjustment for measured demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine temporality and address potential detection bias related to healthcare utilization.
  • Keywords: Headache, Migraine disorders, Psoriasis
Migraine is a common neurological disorder that is frequently accompanied by a wide range of systemic comorbidities, including cardiovascular, metabolic, autoimmune, and psychiatric diseases.1 Growing evidence suggests that these comorbidities may contribute to migraine burden and provide insights into shared biological mechanisms. Among them, psoriasis, a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease, has recently attracted attention because of its systemic inflammatory nature and its association with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.2
The management of both migraine and psoriasis has evolved substantially with the introduction of mechanism-based therapies.3 Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-targeted therapies have transformed migraine prevention, whereas biologic agents targeting interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23 have become the cornerstone of treatment for moderate-to-severe psoriasis.4-6 Although psoriasis and migraine are distinct disorders, a potential overlap in inflammatory pathways has been proposed. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-17, which play important roles in psoriasis, have also been implicated in migraine pathophysiology, although the evidence remains limited.7 In addition, mast cell–mediated neuroimmune interactions have been suggested as another potential biological link between psoriasis and migraine.8,9
While a few studies have reported a positive association between the two diseases, they have often been limited by insufficient adjustment for lifestyle confounders.10-13 Given that obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption are critical risk factors for systemic inflammation, rigorous adjustment for these variables is essential to isolate the independent association between the two diseases.
Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between psoriasis and migraine using a large-scale, population-based database in South Korea.
1. Data source
This study utilized data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database.14 The NHIS is a compulsory social insurance system in South Korea that covers approximately 97% of the population, with the remaining 3% covered by the Medical Aid program. The NHIS database contains comprehensive information, including sociodemographic variables, healthcare utilization, disease diagnoses based on the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes, and prescription records. Additionally, the NHIS provides a biennial national health screening program for all beneficiaries aged 40 years or older and employees aged over 20 years. This screening includes a self-reported questionnaire on lifestyle habits, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory tests.
This study was approved by the NHIS inquiry commission and Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Severance Hospital (IRB No. 4-2023-1309). The requirement for informed consent was waived because of the retrospective design and the use of de-identified participant data.
2. Study population
We identified individuals aged 20 years or older who participated in the national health screening program in 2019, which served as the index date for this cross-sectional analysis. Prevalent psoriasis and prevalent migraine were identified using claims recorded between 2002 and each participant’s 2019 health screening date, whereas demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and laboratory measurements were obtained from the 2019 health screening examination.
3. Definition of psoriasis
Patients with psoriasis were defined as individuals who had been diagnosed with psoriasis (ICD-10 code L40) at least twice between 2002 and the screening date in 2019. According to a previous validation study, this operational definition showed a sensitivity of 79.6% and specificity of 91.2%.15 To evaluate the impact of disease severity, patients with psoriasis were further categorized into two subgroups: mild and moderate-to-severe. The moderate-to-severe psoriasis group was defined as patients who had been prescribed any of the following systemic agents or biologic therapies under the diagnosis of psoriasis: acitretin, cyclosporine, methotrexate, TNF-α inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept), IL-12/23 inhibitors (ustekinumab), or IL-17A inhibitors (secukinumab, ixekizumab). Patients who did not meet the criteria for moderate-to-severe disease were classified into the mild psoriasis group.
4. Definition of migraine
Patients with migraine were defined as individuals who had received a diagnosis of migraine (ICD-10 code G43) at least twice between 2002 and the screening date in 2019. According to a previous validation study conducted in Korean secondary and tertiary hospitals, this operational definition showed a positive predictive value of 75.7% and a negative predictive value of 66.7%.16 Migraine was further classified based on the presence of aura. Patients diagnosed with migraine with aura (ICD-10 code G43.1) were classified into the “migraine with aura” group. This operational definition for migraine with aura showed a positive predictive value of 78.7% and a negative predictive value of 100% in the validation study.16 All other patients with migraine were classified into the “non-aura-coded migraine” group.
5. Covariates
We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle habits from the NHIS database and health screening results. Baseline comorbidities were identified using ICD-10 codes recorded at least once before the screening date: hypertension (I10–I15), diabetes mellitus (E10–E14), dyslipidemia (E78), heart failure (I50), stroke (I60–I64), chronic kidney disease (N18), and Crohn’s disease (K50).
Information regarding lifestyle behaviors was derived from self-reported questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2, according to the Korean obesity guideline.17 Smoking status was categorized into current smokers and non-current smokers (including never and past smokers). Alcohol consumption was categorized based on daily intake. We defined moderate-to-heavy drinkers as those consuming ≥30 g/day for males and ≥20 g/day for females, thresholds that encompass the levels of significant alcohol consumption suggested by the Korean Association for the Study of the Liver guideline.18 Income level was classified into three quartiles (lower, middle, and higher) based on insurance premiums. Residential area was dichotomized into urban (Seoul and six metropolitan cities) and rural areas.
6. Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were used to present the baseline characteristics. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation, and categorical variables as numbers (percentages). We performed multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between psoriasis and migraine. Three sequential models were applied: Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was further adjusted for comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, heart failure, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and Crohn’s disease). Model 3 was fully adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, obesity (BMI≥25 kg/m2), alcohol consumption, smoking status (current vs. non-current), income level, and residential area. Before fitting the multivariable logistic regression models, multicollinearity among covariates was assessed using variance inflation factors (VIFs). No evidence of substantial multicollinearity was observed (all VIFs<2). All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software (version 9.2; SAS Institute). A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
1. Baseline characteristics of the study population
Table 1 presents the demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population. A total of 329,363 individuals were included in the final analysis, comprising 8,892 patients with psoriasis and 320,471 controls. The mean age of the psoriasis group was significantly higher than that of the control group (53.5±15.1 years vs. 49.5±14.9 years, p<0.0001). The proportion of males was higher in the psoriasis group (55.9%) compared to the control group (51.8%, p<0.0001).
Patients with psoriasis exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of comorbidities compared to controls, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease (all p<0.05). Regarding lifestyle factors, the psoriasis group had a higher mean BMI and a higher proportion of current smokers compared to the control group. Furthermore, the prevalence of migraine was significantly higher in patients with psoriasis than in controls (15.1% vs. 12.1%, p<0.0001). Non-aura-coded migraine was more common in participants with psoriasis than in those without psoriasis (14.5% vs. 11.5%, p<0.0001), whereas the prevalence of migraine with aura was similar between the groups (0.7% vs. 0.6%, p=0.4607).
2. Association of psoriasis severity with migraine prevalence
Table 2 shows the results of the multiple logistic regression analysis estimating the association between migraine and psoriasis. In the unadjusted model, patients with psoriasis had a significantly higher odds of prevalent migraine. This association remained significant after adjusting for age and sex in Model 1 (OR, 1.259; 95% CI, 1.186–1.338). Even after fully adjusting for comorbidities, BMI, and lifestyle factors (Model 3), psoriasis was associated with higher odds of prevalent migraine (OR, 1.172; 95% CI, 1.102–1.246).
When stratified by disease severity, both mild and moderate-to-severe psoriasis groups showed a significant association with prevalent migraine. In the fully adjusted model (Model 3), the OR for migraine was 1.167 (95% CI, 1.090–1.250) in the mild psoriasis group and 1.190 (95% CI, 1.040–1.362) in the moderate-to-severe psoriasis group.
3. Association between psoriasis and migraine subtypes
We additionally examined the association according to migraine subtype, including migraine with aura and non-aura-coded migraine (Table 3). Psoriasis was significantly associated with higher odds of prevalent non-aura-coded migraine (OR, 1.171; 95% CI, 1.100–1.246). However, no statistically significant association was observed between migraine with aura and psoriasis in any of the adjusted models (Model 3: OR, 1.014; 95% CI, 0.779–1.319).
In this large-scale, population-based study using the Korean NHIS database, psoriasis was cross-sectionally associated with higher odds of prevalent migraine.
Our findings are consistent with previous epidemiological studies. A Danish cohort study reported an increased risk of migraine in patients with psoriasis, with a more pronounced risk in severe cases.12 Similarly, a previous Korean study using the Health Insurance Review & Assessment database reported a hazard ratio of 1.16 for migraine in psoriasis patients,11 which aligns closely with the OR of 1.172 observed in our study. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported an epidemiologic association in studies examining either direction.10
The association between psoriasis and migraine may partly reflect shared biological mechanisms, although these remain incompletely understood. Several inflammatory mediators implicated in psoriasis, including TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23, have also been proposed to participate in migraine pathophysiology.19,20 However, evidence supporting systemic cytokine dysregulation in migraine remains limited, and our findings do not provide mechanistic evidence for a shared inflammatory pathway. Further experimental and clinical studies are needed to clarify the biological basis of this association.
Regarding migraine subtypes, we found a significant association between psoriasis and non-aura-coded migraine, whereas the association with migraine with aura was not statistically significant. This discrepancy might be attributed to the limitations of claims data rather than a true lack of biological association. In clinical practice, the specific code for migraine with aura (G43.1) is often underutilized compared to the general migraine code (G43.9), leading to a potential underestimation of the migraine with aura population.21 Consequently, the small sample size of the migraine with aura group (n=1,978) in our dataset may have lacked the statistical power to detect a significant association.
This study has several strengths, including the use of a nationwide representative sample, strict inclusion criteria (≥2 visits), and comprehensive adjustment for well-known risk factors of psoriasis, including obesity, alcohol consumption and other comorbidities. However, several limitations should be noted. First, reliance on ICD-10 codes in administrative data may introduce potential diagnostic inaccuracies or misclassification bias. Furthermore, because the validation study was conducted in secondary and tertiary hospitals, its diagnostic performance may not be fully generalizable to the nationwide NHIS population. Second, because of the cross-sectional design, the temporal sequence between psoriasis and migraine could not be determined, and causal inference was not possible. Third, although we used medication history as a proxy for psoriasis severity, this operational definition may not perfectly reflect actual clinical severity. Some patients with clinically severe psoriasis who did not receive systemic or biologic therapies, or who discontinued these treatments, may have been misclassified as having mild psoriasis. Fourth, ascertainment bias may have influenced our findings. Patients with psoriasis may have more frequent healthcare encounters, increasing the likelihood of migraine diagnosis, and vice versa. Because detailed healthcare utilization variables such as outpatient visit frequency or total medical claims were not fully adjusted for, residual detection bias cannot be excluded. Therefore, surveillance bias may have partially contributed to the observed association, although it is unlikely to fully account for the consistent association observed after adjustment for multiple demographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates. Fifth, although age and sex were included in the multivariable models, the baseline distributions of these variables differed between the groups, and residual confounding cannot be completely excluded. Future studies using age- and sex-matched controls or propensity score–based methods may provide more balanced comparisons. Finally, as this study was conducted exclusively on the Korean population, the generalizability of our findings to other ethnic groups may be limited.
In conclusion, psoriasis was associated with higher odds of prevalent migraine after adjustment for demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors. Clinicians managing patients with psoriasis should be aware of the increased prevalence of migraine in this population. However, these findings should be interpreted as an epidemiologic association rather than evidence of a causal or bidirectional relationship, and prospective studies are needed before screening recommendations can be made.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Participants without psoriasis (n=320,471) Participants with psoriasis (n=8,892) p-value
Sex
 Male 166,067 (51.8) 4,974 (55.9) <0.0001
 Female 154,404 (48.2) 3,918 (44.1)
Age (yr) 49.5±14.9 53.5±15.1 <0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m2) 24.3±3.6 24.5±3.5 <0.0001
Hypertension 89,560 (27.9) 3,301 (37.1) <0.0001
Diabetes mellitus 66,084 (20.6) 2,702 (30.4) <0.0001
Dyslipidemia 138,372 (43.2) 4,944 (55.6) <0.0001
Heart failure 8,237 (2.6) 383 (4.3) <0.0001
Stroke 11,349 (3.5) 547 (6.2) <0.0001
Chronic kidney disease 2,983 (0.9) 169 (1.9) <0.0001
Crohn’s disease 713 (0.2) 35 (0.4) 0.0008
Migraine 38,712 (12.1) 1,344 (15.1) <0.0001
 Non-aura-coded migraine 36,793 (11.5) 1,285 (14.5) <0.0001
 Migraine with aura 1,919 (0.6) 59 (0.7) 0.4607
Alcohol consumption
 None or light 244,074 (76.2) 6,782 (76.3) 0.8106
 Moderate-to-heavy 76,397 (23.8) 2,110 (23.7)
Smoking
 None or past 201,773 (63.0) 5,158 (58.0) <0.0001
 Current 118,698 (37.0) 3,734 (42.0)
Income
 Low 81,786 (25.5) 2,334 (26.2) <0.0001
 Middle 119,758 (37.4) 3,124 (35.1)
 High 118,927 (37.1) 3,434 (38.6)
Residential area
 Rural 181,889 (56.8) 5,043 (56.7) 0.9358
 Urban 138,582 (43.2) 3,849 (43.3)
Psoriasis severity
 Mild 7,083 (79.7)
 Moderate-to-severe 1,809 (20.3)

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.

Table 2.
Multiple logistic regression analysis of the association between psoriasis severity and prevalent migraine
Odds ratio 95% confidence interval
All psoriasis Model 1 1.259 1.186–1.338
Model 2 1.169 1.100–1.243
Model 3 1.172 1.102–1.246
Mild psoriasis Model 1 1.247 1.166–1.333
Model 2 1.165 1.088–1.247
Model 3 1.167 1.090–1.250
Moderate-to-severe psoriasis Model 1 1.312 1.149–1.499
Model 2 1.186 1.037–1.358
Model 3 1.190 1.040–1.362

Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, heart failure, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and Crohn’s disease). Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, income level, and residential area.

Table 3.
Multiple logistic regression analysis of the associations between psoriasis and prevalent migraine subtypes
Odds ratio 95% confidence interval
Non-aura-coded migraine Model 1 1.255 1.180–1.334
Model 2 1.167 1.097–1.242
Model 3 1.171 1.100–1.246
Migraine with aura Model 1 1.106 0.850–1.438
Model 2 1.012 0.778–1.317
Model 3 1.014 0.779–1.319

Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, heart failure, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and Crohn’s disease). Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, income level, and residential area.

  • 1. Kim KM, Cho SJ, Shin HJ, et al. Prevalence, disability, and management patterns of migraine in Korea: nationwide survey data from 2009 and 2018. J Clin Neurol 2021;17:77-85.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 2. Svedbom A, Mallbris L, González-Cantero Á, et al. Skin inflammation, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular disease in psoriasis. JAMA Dermatol 2025;161:81-86.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 3. Kim BS, Chung PW, Chung JM, et al. Evidence-based recommendations on pharmacologic treatment for migraine prevention: a clinical practice guideline from the Korean Headache Society. Headache Pain Res 2025;26:5-20.ArticlePDF
  • 4. Moon HS, Chung PW, Kim BK. New targeted drugs for acute treatment of migraine. Headache Pain Res 2023;24:56-65.
  • 5. Armstrong AW, Puig L, Joshi A, et al. Comparison of biologics and oral treatments for plaque psoriasis: a meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2020;156:258-269.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 6. Nast A, Smith C, Spuls PI, et al. EuroGuiDerm Guideline on the systemic treatment of psoriasis vulgaris - part 1: treatment and monitoring recommendations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:2461-2498.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 7. Chen H, Tang X, Li J, et al. IL-17 crosses the blood-brain barrier to trigger neuroinflammation: a novel mechanism in nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine. J Headache Pain 2022;23:1.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 8. Lin AM, Rubin CJ, Khandpur R, et al. Mast cells and neutrophils release IL-17 through extracellular trap formation in psoriasis. J Immunol 2011;187:490-500.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 9. Koyuncu Irmak D, Kilinc E, Tore F. Shared fate of meningeal mast cells and sensory neurons in migraine. Front Cell Neurosci 2019;13:136.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 10. Huang IH, Hung WK, Chi CC. Bidirectional associations between psoriasis and migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023;21:493-502.Article
  • 11. Min C, Lim H, Lim JS, Sim S, Choi HG. Increased risk of migraine in patients with psoriasis: a longitudinal follow up study using a national sample cohort. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e15370.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 12. Egeberg A, Mallbris L, Hilmar Gislason G, Skov L, Riis Hansen P. Increased risk of migraine in patients with psoriasis: a Danish nationwide cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015;73:829-835.ArticlePubMed
  • 13. Steuer AB, Cohen JM, Wong PW, Ho RS. Psoriasis and the risk of migraines in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;82:1225-1226.ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Lee J, Lee JS, Park SH, Shin SA, Kim K. Cohort profile: the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC), South Korea. Int J Epidemiol 2017;46:e15.ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Ham SP, Oh JH, Park HJ, et al. Validity of diagnostic codes for identification of psoriasis patients in Korea. Ann Dermatol 2020;32:115-121.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 16. Chang Y, Choi S, Kim BS, Song TJ. Validity of migraine diagnoses in Korean National Health Insurance claims data. Headache Pain Res 2025;26:154-161.ArticlePDF
  • 17. Kim BY, Kang SM, Kang JH, et al. 2020 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity guidelines for the management of obesity in Korea. J Obes Metab Syndr 2021;30:81-92.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 18. Kang SH, Lee HW, Yoo JJ, et al. KASL clinical practice guidelines: management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2021;27:363-401.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 19. Guo J, Zhang H, Lin W, Lu L, Su J, Chen X. Signaling pathways and targeted therapies for psoriasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023;8:437.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 20. Ha WS, Chu MK. Altered immunity in migraine: a comprehensive scoping review. J Headache Pain 2024;25:95.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 21. Ha WS, Kim J, Hwang HW, et al. The association between migraine and Parkinson’s disease: a nationwide cohort study. Epidemiol Health 2024;46:e2024010.ArticlePubMedPDF

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  

      • PubReader PubReader
      • ePub LinkePub Link
      • Cite this Article
        Cite this Article
        export Copy Download
        Close
        Download Citation
        Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.
        Format:
        • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
        • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
        Include:
        • Citation for the content below
        Association between Psoriasis and Migraine in a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Korea
        Headache Pain Res. 2026;27(3):204-210.   Published online October 30, 2026
        DOI: https://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2026.0031
        Close
      • XML DownloadXML Download
      Association between Psoriasis and Migraine in a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Korea
      Association between Psoriasis and Migraine in a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Korea
      Participants without psoriasis (n=320,471) Participants with psoriasis (n=8,892) p-value
      Sex
       Male 166,067 (51.8) 4,974 (55.9) <0.0001
       Female 154,404 (48.2) 3,918 (44.1)
      Age (yr) 49.5±14.9 53.5±15.1 <0.0001
      Body mass index (kg/m2) 24.3±3.6 24.5±3.5 <0.0001
      Hypertension 89,560 (27.9) 3,301 (37.1) <0.0001
      Diabetes mellitus 66,084 (20.6) 2,702 (30.4) <0.0001
      Dyslipidemia 138,372 (43.2) 4,944 (55.6) <0.0001
      Heart failure 8,237 (2.6) 383 (4.3) <0.0001
      Stroke 11,349 (3.5) 547 (6.2) <0.0001
      Chronic kidney disease 2,983 (0.9) 169 (1.9) <0.0001
      Crohn’s disease 713 (0.2) 35 (0.4) 0.0008
      Migraine 38,712 (12.1) 1,344 (15.1) <0.0001
       Non-aura-coded migraine 36,793 (11.5) 1,285 (14.5) <0.0001
       Migraine with aura 1,919 (0.6) 59 (0.7) 0.4607
      Alcohol consumption
       None or light 244,074 (76.2) 6,782 (76.3) 0.8106
       Moderate-to-heavy 76,397 (23.8) 2,110 (23.7)
      Smoking
       None or past 201,773 (63.0) 5,158 (58.0) <0.0001
       Current 118,698 (37.0) 3,734 (42.0)
      Income
       Low 81,786 (25.5) 2,334 (26.2) <0.0001
       Middle 119,758 (37.4) 3,124 (35.1)
       High 118,927 (37.1) 3,434 (38.6)
      Residential area
       Rural 181,889 (56.8) 5,043 (56.7) 0.9358
       Urban 138,582 (43.2) 3,849 (43.3)
      Psoriasis severity
       Mild 7,083 (79.7)
       Moderate-to-severe 1,809 (20.3)
      Odds ratio 95% confidence interval
      All psoriasis Model 1 1.259 1.186–1.338
      Model 2 1.169 1.100–1.243
      Model 3 1.172 1.102–1.246
      Mild psoriasis Model 1 1.247 1.166–1.333
      Model 2 1.165 1.088–1.247
      Model 3 1.167 1.090–1.250
      Moderate-to-severe psoriasis Model 1 1.312 1.149–1.499
      Model 2 1.186 1.037–1.358
      Model 3 1.190 1.040–1.362
      Odds ratio 95% confidence interval
      Non-aura-coded migraine Model 1 1.255 1.180–1.334
      Model 2 1.167 1.097–1.242
      Model 3 1.171 1.100–1.246
      Migraine with aura Model 1 1.106 0.850–1.438
      Model 2 1.012 0.778–1.317
      Model 3 1.014 0.779–1.319
      Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population

      Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.

      Table 2. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the association between psoriasis severity and prevalent migraine

      Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, heart failure, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and Crohn’s disease). Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, income level, and residential area.

      Table 3. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the associations between psoriasis and prevalent migraine subtypes

      Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, heart failure, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and Crohn’s disease). Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking status, income level, and residential area.

      Table 1.

      Table 2.

      Table 3.

      Headache and Pain Research : Headache and Pain Research
      © The Korean Headache Society.
      TOP