Headache and Pain Research

Original Article

The Impact of Limited Insurance Coverage on Long-Term Persistence with Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibody Therapy: A Multicenter Real-World Study in Korea: Mi-Kyoung Kang, Jong-Hee Sohn, Myoung-Jin Cha, Yoo Hwan Kim, Yooha Hong, Hee-Jin Im, Soo-Jin Cho; Received February 14, 2026 Accepted April 23, 2026 Published online June 4, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2026.0007 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: Purpose: Anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (anti-CGRP mAbs) are effective preventive therapies for migraine. However, their high cost limits long-term use. In Korea, coverage of anti-CGRP mAbs by the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) is highly restricted. This study aimed to evaluate the association between NHIS coverage and treatment persistence in a real-world setting.
Methods
This retrospective multicenter study included adult patients with migraine (≥18 years) who received anti-CGRP mAb therapy at four tertiary hospitals in Korea. Treatment compliance was assessed using persistence, defined as continuous treatment duration; persistence rates; and adherence, defined as the proportion of days covered. Reasons for treatment discontinuation were also analyzed. Treatment compliance was compared according to NHIS coverage, and treatment effectiveness was compared according to NHIS coverage and treatment continuation.
Results
Among 140 patients treated with anti-CGRP mAbs, only 12 (8.6%) received NHIS-covered therapy. Compared with the non-covered group, the NHIS-covered group had a lower discontinuation rate (50.0% [6/12] vs. 73.4% [94/128]; p=0.101) and higher persistence rates at 6 months (80.0% vs. 66.0%; p=0.493) and 12 months (66.7% vs. 47.2%; p=0.312). However, these differences were not statistically significant. Treatment effectiveness, assessed by changes in monthly headache days, did not differ significantly according to NHIS coverage or treatment continuation.
Conclusion
Treatment persistence appears to be influenced by multiple factors in real-world practice. NHIS coverage may support treatment continuation by improving access and reducing the financial burden. These findings highlight the importance of healthcare-system factors in optimizing long-term preventive treatment strategies for migraine.

Editorial

Tension-Type Headache and Primary Stabbing Headache: Primary Headaches Beyond Migraine: Mi-Kyoung Kang; Headache Pain Res. 2025;26(2):89-90. Published online June 5, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2025.0007

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Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Results of the observational program CITOTREK (use of the drug CITOflavin in Tablets) in patients with tension headaches against the backgRound of asthenic syndromE taKing into account comorbidity
M.V. Putilina, N.I. Shabalina, I.A. Blinova
S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry.2025; 125(10): 104. CrossRef

Review Article

Morning Headaches: An In-depth Review of Causes, Associated Disorders, and Management Strategies: Yooha Hong, Mi-Kyoung Kang, Min Seung Kim, Heejung Mo, Rebecca C. Cox, Hee-Jin Im; Headache Pain Res. 2025;26(1):66-79. Published online January 17, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2024.0023

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Abstract PDF: Morning headaches, which are defined by occurrence upon or shortly after waking up in the morning, range from mild discomfort to severe pain and significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. Although morning headaches are a prevalent and potentially debilitating condition, the criteria for defining these headaches vary. The lack of universally accepted diagnostic criteria complicates understanding their etiology, associated factors, and potential interventions. The causes of morning headaches are multifaceted, including primary headache disorders like migraines and cluster headaches, and secondary causes such as sleep disorders, hypertension, abnormal intracranial pressure, and brain parenchymal diseases. Psychological factors, including anxiety and depression, as well as substance use, further complicate the clinical presentation, often requiring a multidisciplinary approach for effective diagnosis and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of morning headaches, examining their various aspects and possible treatment options, with the goal of enhancing clinicians’ understanding and management of this common yet often overlooked condition.

Original Article

Cluster Headache Characteristics and the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Insights from Polysomnography Analysis: Yooha Hong, Mi-Kyoung Kang, Min Kyung Chu, Soo-Jin Cho, Hee-Jin Im; Headache Pain Res. 2024;25(1):63-71. Published online April 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.62087/hpr.2024.0001

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Abstract PDF

Purpose: Cluster headache (CH) is characterized by circadian rhythmicity of the attacks, and it is known to respond exceptionally well to oxygen therapy. Furthermore, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) frequently co-occurs with CH, and both conditions may be parallel outcomes of hypothalamic dysfunction rather than being causally related. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between CH characteristics and polysomnographic factors stratified by the severity of OSA in patients diagnosed with CH and OSA.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the data of OSA patients with CH who were enrolled in the Korean Cluster Headache Registry and underwent polysomnography due to clinical suspicion of OSA. Basic demographic data, headache-related parameters, and polysomnographic parameters were analyzed according to the severity of OSA (apnea-hypopnea index: <15 or ≥15 per hour).
Results
Twelve CH patients with OSA were evaluated. The onset age of CH was higher (38.5 years vs. 19.0 years, p=0.010), and the maximal duration of cluster bouts was longer (156.5 days vs. 47.0 days, p=0.037) in the moderate-to-severe OSA group than in the mild OSA group. Unlike other polysomnographic parameters, the apnea-hypopnea index and respiratory arousal index during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were comparable across different OSA severity levels.
Conclusion
The onset age and duration of cluster bouts were associated with the severity of OSA in CH patients. Additionally, the relatively high susceptibility to hypoxia during REM sleep in patients with mild OSA implies that interventions may be potentially advantageous, even in CH patients with mild OSA.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Morning Headaches: An In-depth Review of Causes, Associated Disorders, and Management Strategies
Yooha Hong, Mi-Kyoung Kang, Min Seung Kim, Heejung Mo, Rebecca C. Cox, Hee-Jin Im
Headache and Pain Research.2025; 26(1): 66. CrossRef
Inverse association of obesity with bout periodicity in episodic cluster headache: a multicenter cross-sectional study
Byung-Su Kim, Mi Ji Lee, Byung-Kun Kim, Jong-Hee Sohn, Tae-Jin Song, Min Kyung Chu, Soo-Kyoung Kim, Jeong Wook Park, Heui-Soo Moon, Pil-Wook Chung, Soo-Jin Cho
The Journal of Headache and Pain.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Subtype shift, relapse rate and risk factors of frequent relapse in cluster headache: A multicenter, prospective, longitudinal observation
Mi Ji Lee, Soo-Kyoung Kim, Min Kyung Chu, Jae Myun Chung, Heui-Soo Moon, Pil-Wook Chung, Jeong Wook Park, Byung-Kun Kim, Kyungmi Oh, Yun-Ju Choi, Jong-Hee Sohn, Byung-Su Kim, Dae Woong Bae, Daeyoung Kim, Tae-Jin Song, Kwang-Yeol Park, Soo-Jin Cho
Cephalalgia.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Articles

Treatment Strategies of Medication Overuse Headache: Mi-Kyoung Kang, Jong-Hee Sohn; Korean J Headache. 2023;24(2):33-38. Published online December 31, 2023

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Abstract PDF: Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a common secondary headache disorder in which chronic headaches develop or worsen due to frequent and excessive intake of medications used for acute headache treatment. While the concept of MOH is widely recognized among headache specialists, ongoing debates exist regarding its causes, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies. Treating MOH has traditionally been challenging, and there is currently no universal consensus on how to effectively manage patients with MOH. Furthermore, a specific treatment approach based on well-powered randomized trials is still lacking. The treatment strategy for MOH typically involves several steps: patient education and counseling, withdrawal of overused medications, preventive drug therapy, and non-pharmacological prevention. It is recommended that all patients discontinue the overused medication, which can be carried out on an outpatient or inpatient basis. Additionally, topiramate, Botox, and anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies have shown potential in reducing headache and migraine frequency, as well as acute drug consumption, even without active drug withdrawal. However, many aspects of MOH management require further investigation through properly designed and adequately powered randomized controlled trials.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hemicrania Continua, Paroxysmal Hemicrania, Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks: Sang-Hwa Lee, Mi-Kyoung Kang, Soo-Jin Cho; Korean J Headache. 2023;24(2):39-44. Published online December 31, 2023

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Abstract PDF: Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks, and hemicrania continua are rare headache disorders characterized by severe unilateral headache accompanied by ipsilateral autonomic symptoms. Accurate diagnosis and specific treatment approaches for these conditions are crucial for appropriate management. This article covers the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies of each disorder, aiming to differentiate them from other major headaches and provide targeted treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Update on Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis: Mi-Kyoung Kang, Yoo Hwan Kim, Kyeong Min Son, Soo-Jin Cho, Jiyoung Kim, Jong-Hee Sohn, On behalf of the Hallym Headache Research Society; Published online December 31, 2022

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Abstract PDF: 거대세포동맥염의 최신 지견

A Intractable Headache Caused by Increased Intracranial Pressure after Surgical Resection of the Spinal Arachnoid Cyst: Mi-Kyoung Kang, Han Beet Kim, Il Choi, Soo-Jin Cho; Published online December 31, 2022

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Abstract PDF: 척추 지주막낭의 수술적 제거 후 발생한 두개내압 상승에 기인한 난치성 두통

Giant Cell Arteritis Diagnosed by HALO Score of Ultrasonography and Fat-saturated Contrast Enhanced Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Han-Beet Kim, Mi-Kyoung Kang, Min-Jun Song, Ki-Won Nam, Sang Won Jo, Ki-Han Kwon, Soo-Jin Cho; Published online December 31, 2022

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Abstract PDF: 초음파 검사의 달무리 징후와 지방포화혈관벽조영증강자기 공명영상으로 진단된 거대세포동맥염

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